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across metropolitan areas in their changing levels of housing discrimination, with the aim of exploring whether they are “causally” related to corresponding variations in fair housing enforcement activities during the 1990s, controlling for other factors. The specific research questions include: How do changes in the 1989–2000 incidence of racial/ethnic discriminatory behaviors of various sorts correlate with fair housing enforcement activity during the 1990s? Does this answer vary depending on whether one considers the sales or rental housing markets, or discrimination directed against black or Hispanic home seekers? We now know that, although prohibited by federal statutes since 1968, discrimination by real estate agents and landlords directed against minority home seekers continues to occur throughout America’s metropolitan areas (see chapter 2 by Turner, Richardson, and Ross within). Such discrimination can impose substantial psychological as well as economic costs on those who are directly victimized (Yinger 1995). Moreover, housing discrimination has been shown to perpetuate residential segregation (Galster 1986, 1987a, 1988a, 1988b, 1991; Massey, Eggers, and Denton 1994), which in turn has been linked to a variety of negative social and economic outcomes for minority communities.1 We now also know that housing discrimination declined substantially in magnitude over the last decade on most measures, with the exception of discrimination against Hispanic renters (Turner et al., 2002; Ross and Turner 2005).2 This decline has occurred immediately following a substantial strengthening of the federal fair housing law in 1988. There has also been a